FIELD CLOTHING STUDYBattlefield Atlas ↗
ONE REPRESENTATIVE FIGURE

Federal infantry private

A period-informed model; not a portrait of an identified soldier.

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COUNT PEOPLE, NOT HEADLINE TOTALS

The strength audit

The familiar ~12,500 Confederate and ~10,000 Union totals are estimates with different scopes. They are not complete, compatible personnel rolls for a single instant.

Main Confederate assault

Nine brigades under Pickett, Pettigrew and Trimble. Modern estimates often fall around 12,000–13,000, but historians disagree. Wilcox and Lang’s later advance requires a separate record.

Virginia Humanities · numerical uncertainty ↗

Union central defense

Hartwig estimates roughly 6,500 effectives in the initial central infantry line. That narrower scope is not the same as everyone who could reinforce it, the supporting batteries, or their personnel.

NPS seminar · defenders and reserves ↗

People beyond the infantry line

Artillery crews, drivers, ammunition personnel, headquarters staff, medical personnel and detached men need separate records. A standard gun drill does not establish a battery’s actual headcount. Officers and detached men must not be counted twice.

Not yet deployed: the complete armies and individual battle playback. The scene contains model studies only. Missing strengths, individual routes, losses and support personnel remain unresolved.
REGULATIONS · ARTIFACTS · PHOTOGRAPHS

Clothed for the field

Federal infantry

A dark-blue four-button sack coat, sky-blue trousers and forage cap form the representative enlisted profile. Company officers use a longer coat and sword. Gold bars on Federal company-grade shoulder straps follow the period system; modern silver lieutenant bars would be wrong.

Army Center of Military History ↗1861 U.S. uniform regulations ↗

Unit exceptions remain essential

The 12th New Jersey’s .69-caliber smoothbores cannot be replaced indiscriminately with rifled muskets. Selected rifle companies in other units require their own profiles. Regimental colors, exact weapons inventories and garment distributions still need unit-level evidence.

NPS · Hays’s division and the 12th New Jersey ↗

These are early, faceted models for inspection at true scale. Faces are intentionally blank, with optional facial hair, matching NYC Time Machine. Stature, wear and accessories are reconstructed. Rank profiles demonstrate period distinctions; they do not establish how many men of each rank stood in a regiment.